The,History,Horology-The,Scien education The History of Horology-The Science of Keeping Track of Time
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The risingand the setting of the sun every day must have surely been enchanting man fromthe very beginning. Followed by a dark, quiet and peaceful night this must havemultiplied the mystery surrounding the early humans. In order to comprehendthis situation, we will have to be capable of imagining a world in theprimordial existence, without fire, electricity, transportation and othergizmos that surround us today. The regular and natural duration of the sun andhis absence, has to have triggered human desire to be able to measure thisspace in some way. The method which began centuries ago has evolved andperfected itself into what we now call as time. Our techniques have alsoefficiently evolved so much so that we are able to measure fractions of asingle second accurately. This time challenge has been perfectly accepted andtamed responsibly by man.The Sundials Wherewe began3500 yearsbefore Christ, the Egyptians built Obelisks. These were tall four-sided taperedmonuments built in strategic locations and casing shadows tracking themovements from the sun. These moving shadows formed a kind of Sundial, enablingcitizens to part the day using the size and placing of the shadow movements.This also enabled them see the shortest and the longest days of the year.Strategically placed markers around the base of these monuments would furtherindicate the subdivisions of time. This basic concept later around 1500 B.C.,evolved into a more accurate shadow clock called a Sundial. This wasdivided into 10 parts with indications for the two twilight hours. Human searchfor accuracy helped the sundials evolve from flat horizontal and verticalplates to more elaborate forms. The hemispherical dial is a bowl shaped depressioncut into a block of stone. It has a central vertical pointer and is scribedwith sets of hour lines for different seasons. This hemicycle was inventedabout 300 B.C., and helped remove the useless half of the hemisphere. By theend of the year 30 B.C., we were having at least 13 types of different sundialsbeing used across Greece, Asia Minor and Italy.Water Clocks Clepsydrasor water-clocks were the first devices that did not use the sun or othercelestial bodies for the measurement of time. These water-clocks wereoriginally designed by the ancient Egyptians. Different types of Clepsydras orwater-clocks were commonly used in the Middle East and parts of Africa between100 B.C., and 500 A.D. Elaborate and impressive mechanized water-clocks were developedby horologist and astronomers during this period. These clocks were however,not found to be very accurate and could not be relied upon to tell time anymore closely than fairly large fractions of an hour. Mechanical ClocksTheseclocks, in fact, took the world by storm. Very clever arrangements of gears andwheels were devised, and, which turned by the weights attached to them. Withthe weights pulling downwards due to gravity, the wheels were made to turn inslow circles. The attached pointers on these wheels marked the hours. Theseclocks eventually became common in churches, monasteries and most publicplaces, and put up time as public display.Thesemechanical clocks had many advances and innovations until recently. Europe wasmostly the centre of this activity and many scientists including Galileocontributed for the growth of the mechanical clocks' industry.Quartz ClocksThis hasbeen a quantum jump from the mechanical structure of the clocks that we had.The running of any quartz clock is based on the electric property of the quartzcrystal. The interaction between the mechanical stress and the electric fieldcauses the quartz crystal to vibrate and generate a constant electric signalwhich is used to measure time.These clockscontinue to dominate the market as they are able to maintain perfection in timemeasurement, and are accurate and reliable in performance. They are also idealand easier to mass produce at extremely low costs.Wewill always be improvising and device sharper and more accurate ways of keepingtime. The quartz is now moving into the digital world, and we are bound to findnew ways, and get the better of time.
The,History,Horology-The,Scien