Tenormin,Normal,false,EN-US,X- health Tenormin

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Normal 0 false false false EN-US X-NONE X-NONE MicrosoftInternetExplorer4 st1\:*{behavior:url(#ieooui) } /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable{mso-style-name:"Table Normal";mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;mso-style-noshow:yes;mso-style-priority:99;mso-style-qformat:yes;mso-style-parent:"";mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;mso-para-margin:0in;mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-pagination:widow-orphan;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;}(Tenormin) is a selective ²1 receptor antagonist, a drugbelonging to the group of beta blockers (sometimes written ²-blockers), a classof drugs used primarily in cardiovascular diseases. Tenormin was introduced in1976,tenormin,an atenolol was developed as a replacement for propranolol in thetreatment of hypertension. The tenormin works by slowing down the heart andreducing its workload. Unlike propranolol, tenormin does not pass through theblood-brain barrier thus avoiding various central nervous system side effects. tenormin is one of the most widely used ²-blockers in the United Kingdomand was once the first-line treatment for hypertension. The role for ²-blockersin hypertension was downgraded in June 2006 in the United Kingdom to fourth-line, asthey perform less appropriately or effectively than newer drugs, particularlyin the elderly. Some evidence suggests that even in normal doses the mostfrequently used ²-blockers carry an unacceptable risk of provoking type 2diabetes. Contents 1 Indications 1.1 Cardioselectivity and asthma 2 Pharmacokinetic data 3 Contraindications 4 Side effects 5 Interactions 6 Dosage 7 Combination treatment of hypertension 8 Overdosage 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Indications of tenorminTenormin can be used to treat cardiovascular diseases andconditions such as hypertension, coronary heart disease, arrhythmias, angina(chest pain) and to treat and reduce the risk of heart complications followingmyocardial infarction (heart attack). It is also used to treat the symptoms ofGraves Disease, until antithyroid medication can take effect.Due to its hydrophilic properties, the tenormin is lesssuitable in migraine prophylaxis compared to propranolol, because, for thisindication, atenolol would have to reach the brain in high concentrations,which is not the case Cardioselectivity and asthmatenormin is classified as a ²1-selective (or'cardioselective') drug, one that exerts greater blocking activity onmyocardial ²1-receptors than on ²2 receptors in the lung. The ²2 receptors areresponsible for keeping the bronchial system open. If these receptors areblocked, bronchospasm with serious lack of oxygen in the body can result.However, due to its cardioselective properties, the risk of bronchospasticreactions if using tenormin is reduced compared to nonselective drugs aspropranolol. Nonetheless, this reaction may also be encountered with tenorminat high doses. Although traditionally B-blockers have been contraindicated whena person carries a diagnosis of asthma, recent studies have revealed that atmoderate doses selective B blockers such as tenormin are well tolerated.Provisional data suggests that antihypertensive therapy withatenolol provides weaker protective action against cardiovascular complications(e.g. myocardial infarction and stroke) compared to other antihypertensivedrugs. In some cases, diuretics are superior. However, controlled studies arelacking. Unlike most other commonly-used ²-blockers, atenolol isexcreted almost exclusively by the kidneys. This makes it attractive for use inindividuals with end-stage liver disease.Pharmacokinetic datatcmax = 2 to 4 hours after oral dosing (time elapsed beforemaximal concentration in the blood plasma is reached) The mean elimination halflife is 6 hours. However, theaction of the usual oral dose of 25 to 100 mg lasts over a period of 24 hours. Atenolol is a hydrophilic drug. The concentration found inbrain tissue is approximately 15% of the plasma concentration only. The drugcrosses the placenta barrier freely. In the milk of breastfeeding mothers,approximately 3 times the plasma concentrations are measured. Atenolol is almost exclusively eliminated renally and iswell removable by dialysis. A compromised liver function does not lead tohigher peak-activity and/or a longer halflife with possible accumulation. Contraindicationsbradycardia (pulse less than 50 bpm) cardiogenic shock asthma (may cause broncho-constriction), although unlikelyas atenolol is cardioselective symptomatic hypotension (blood pressure of less than 100/60mm Hg with dizziness, vertigo etc.) angina of the Prinzmetal type (vasospastic angina) metabolic acidosis (a severe condition with a more acidblood than normal) severe disorders in peripheral arterial circulation AV-Blockage of second and third degree (a particular form ofarrhythmia) acutely decompensated congestive heart failure (symptoms maybe fluid retention with peripheral edema and/or abdominal fluid retention(ascites), and/or lung edema) sick sinus syndrome (a particular form of arrhythmia) hypersensitivity and/or allergy to atenolol phaeochromocytoma (a rare type of tumor of the adrenalglands) Caution: patients with preexisting bronchial asthmaCaution: only if clearly needed during pregnancy, asatenolol may retard fetal growth and possibly cause other abnormalities.Side effectstenormin causes significantly fewer central nervous systemside effects (depressions, nightmares) and fewer bronchospastic reactions, bothdue to its particular pharmacologic profile.It was the main ²-blocker identified as carrying a higherrisk of provoking type 2 diabetes, leading to its downgrading in the United Kingdomin June 2006 to fourth-line agent in the management of hypertension. In addition, ²-blockers blunt the usual sympathetic nervoussystem response to hypoglycemia (i.e. sweating, agitation, tachycardia). Thesedrugs therefore have an ability to mask a dangerously low blood sugar, whichfurther decreases their safety and utility in diabetic patients.Side effects include:indigestion, constipation dry mouth dizziness or faintness (especially cases of orthostatichypotension) cold extremities hair loss problems with sexual function runny/blocked nose depression confusion difficulty sleeping, nightmares fatigue, weakness or lack of energy  These side effects may or may not be experienced, but ifthey are, you should notify your doctor.More serious side effects can include:hallucinations low blood pressure (hypotension) skin reactions, e.g. rash, hives, flaking of skin, worseningof psoriasis sensation of 'pins and needles' hands or feet irritated eyes, visual disturbances difficulty hearing difficulty speaking unsteadiness when walking  Serious side effects may require urgent medical attention.Some of these side effects are rare and others (not mentioned in the abovelist) can occur in some people. Dosage of tenorminIn patients with normal renal function, the daily dose is 25to 50 mg for the management of hypertension depending on the indication andseverity of the disease. In most patients, the physician will start with a lowinitial dose and make increments in weekly intervals as tolerated. Dosage canvary from as little as 25 mg to 200mg a day. In cases of doses over 100mg, thedosage is usually divided and taken twice daily.For the management of angina, 100mg daily may be given.In patients with impaired renal function the daily doseshould be reduced according to the clinical response of the individual patient.If a patient with end-stage renal failure is scheduled on regular dialysis,usually 50 mg are given after each dialysis procedure. In these patients, a severehypotension may occur afterwards.Combination treatment of hypertensionIf atenolol alone fails to control arterial hypertension,the drug can be combined with a diuretic (e.g. with chlortalidone inco-tenidone) and/or a vasodilator (hydralazine, or in severe cases minoxidil).Central alpha-agonists (e.g. clonidine), ACE Inhibitors or Angiotensin IIreceptor antagonists such as losartan can also be given additionally. Exertcaution with calcium-antagonists of the verapamil-type as adjunct therapy becauseof additional negative impact on the muscular strength of the heart. Use ofcalcium-antagonists of the nifedipine-type is controversial..OverdosageSymptoms of overdose are due to excessive pharmacodynamicactions on ²1 and also ²2-receptors. These include bradycardia, severehypotension with shock, acute heart failure, hypoglycemia and bronchospasticreactions. Treatment is largely symptomatic. Hospitalization and intensivemonitoring is indicated. In early cases emesis can be induced. Activatedcharcoal is useful to absorb the drug. Atropine will counteract bradycardia,glucagon helps with hypoglycemia, dobutamine can be given against hypotensionand the inhalation of a ²2-mimetic as hexoprenalin or salbutamol will terminatebronchospasms. Blood or plasma atenolol concentrations may be measured toconfirm a diagnosis of poisoning in hospitalized patients or to assist in amedicolegal death investigation. Plasma levels are usually less than 3 mg/Lduring therapeutic administration, but can range from 3-30 mg/L in overdosevictims. Buy online Tenorminat http://www.meds-hut.com/generic/blood-pressure/Tenormin.shtml